Study the Hindi vowels.

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Hindi has 11 vowels, some of which are indicated by the use of diacritic marks, or symbols added to the letters of an alphabet in order to show different pronunciations.^[2] Vowels in Hindi have two forms: one form for when they are used by themselves, and one form for when the vowel is joined to a consonant in a word.^[3]

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• अ a and आ aa
  • अ does not change the consonant, so if you see a consonant without a modifying symbol, it will have this vowel sound.^[4]
  • When आ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ा to the end of the consonant (for example, न na becomes ना naa when आ is added to it).
• इ i and ई ee
  • When इ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ि to the left-hand side of the consonant (before the consonant).
  • When ई is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ी to the right-hand side of the consonant (after the consonant).
• उ u and ऊ oo
  • When उ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ु beneath the consonant.
  • When ऊ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ू beneath the consonant.
• ए e and ऐ ai
  • When ए is added to a consonant, you add the symbol े above the consonant.
  • When ऐ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ै above the consonant.
• ओ o and औ au
  • When ओ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ो to the right-hand side of the consonant (after the consonant).
  • When औ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ौ to the right-hand side of the consonant (after the consonant).
• ऋ ri
  • When ऋ is added to a consonant, you add the symbol ृ beneath the consonant.
  • This vowel isn't very common in Hindi and is only found in Hindi words of Sanskrit origin.^[5]